Izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iifayibha ze-optical zinokufunxa amandla okukhanya. Emva kokuba amasuntswana kwizixhobo zefayibha ze-optical efunxa amandla okukhanya, avelisa ukungcangcazela nobushushu, aze akhuphe amandla, nto leyo ebangela ukulahleka kokufunxa.Eli nqaku liza kuhlalutya ukulahleka kokufunxwa kwezinto zefayibha ye-optical.
Siyazi ukuba i-matter yenziwe ngee-athomu kunye nee-molecule, kwaye ii-athomu zenziwe ngee-athomu ze-nuclei kunye nee-electron ze-extranuclear, ezijikeleza i-athomu nucleus kwindawo ethile. Oku kufana noMhlaba esiphila kuwo, kunye neeplanethi ezifana neVenus kunye neMars, zonke zijikeleza iLanga. I-electron nganye inomlinganiselo othile wamandla kwaye ikwi-orbit ethile, okanye ngamanye amazwi, i-orbit nganye inenqanaba elithile lamandla.
Amanqanaba amandla e-orbital akufutshane ne-atomic nucleus aphantsi, ngelixa amanqanaba amandla e-orbital akude kakhulu ne-atomic nucleus ephezulu.Ubukhulu bomahluko wenqanaba lamandla phakathi kwe-orbits bubizwa ngokuba ngumahluko wenqanaba lamandla. Xa ii-electron zitshintsha ukusuka kwinqanaba lamandla aphantsi ukuya kwinqanaba lamandla aphezulu, kufuneka zifunxe amandla kumahluko wenqanaba lamandla ahambelanayo.
Kwiifayibha ze-optical, xa ii-electron ezikwinqanaba elithile lamandla zikhanyiswa ngokukhanya kobude be-wavelength obuhambelana nomahluko wenqanaba lamandla, ii-electron ezikwi-orbitals zamandla aphantsi ziya kutshintshela kwi-orbitals ezinamazinga aphezulu amandla.Le electron ifunxa amandla okukhanya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukukhanya kulahleke.
Izinto ezisisiseko zokwenza iifayibha ze-optical, i-silicon dioxide (SiO2), ngokwayo ifunxa ukukhanya, enye ibizwa ngokuba yi-ultraviolet absorption kwaye enye ibizwa ngokuba yi-infrared absorption. Okwangoku, unxibelelwano lwe-fiber optic lusebenza kuphela kuluhlu lwamaza oluyi-0.8-1.6 μ m, ngoko ke siza kuxoxa kuphela ngokulahlekelwa kule ndawo yokusebenza.
Incopho yokufunxwa eveliswa kukutshintsha kwe-elektroniki kwiglasi ye-quartz imalunga ne-0.1-0.2 μ m ubude bomda kwindawo ye-ultraviolet. Njengoko ubude bomda busanda, ukufunxwa kwayo kuncipha kancinci, kodwa indawo echaphazelekayo ibanzi, ifikelela kumaza angaphezu kwe-1 μ m. Nangona kunjalo, ukufunxwa kwe-UV akunampembelelo ingako kwiifayibha ze-quartz optical ezisebenza kwindawo ye-infrared. Umzekelo, kwindawo yokukhanya okubonakalayo kumaza aphezulu angama-0.6 μ m, ukufunxwa kwe-ultraviolet kunokufikelela kwi-1dB/km, ehla iye kwi-0.2-0.3dB/km kubude bomda obungama-0.8 μ m, kwaye malunga ne-0.1dB/km kuphela kubude bomda obungama-1.2 μ m.
Ukulahleka kokufunxwa kwe-infrared ye-quartz fiber kwenziwa kukungcangcazela kwe-molecular yezinto ezikwindawo ye-infrared. Kukho iincopho ezininzi zokufunxwa kokungcangcazela kwibhendi ye-frequency engaphezulu kwe-2 μ m. Ngenxa yempembelelo yezinto ezahlukeneyo ze-doping kwi-optical fibers, akunakwenzeka ukuba ii-quartz fibers zibe nefestile yokulahleka okuphantsi kwibhendi ye-frequency engaphezulu kwe-2 μ m. Ukulahleka komda wethiyori kwi-wavelength ye-1.85 μ m yi-ldB/km.Ngophando, kwafunyaniswa ukuba kukho "iimolekyuli ezitshabalalisayo" ezibangela ingxaki kwiglasi ye-quartz, ikakhulu ukungcola okuyingozi kwesinyithi okufana nobhedu, isinyithi, i-chromium, i-manganese, njl. Ezi "zikhohlakali" zifunxa ngamandla okukhanya phantsi kokukhanya, zitsiba kwaye zitsiba, nto leyo ebangela ukulahleka kwamandla okukhanya. Ukususa "abaphembeleli beengxaki" kunye nokucoca ngeekhemikhali izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iifayibha ze-optical kunokunciphisa kakhulu ilahleko.
Omnye umthombo wokufunxa kwi-quartz optical fibers yi-hydroxide (OH -) phase. Kufunyenwe ukuba i-hydroxide ineencochoyi ezintathu zokufunxa kwibhendi yokusebenza ye-fiber, eziyi-0.95 μ m, 1.24 μ m, kunye ne-1.38 μ m. Phakathi kwazo, ukulahleka kokufunxa kwi-wavelength ye-1.38 μ m yeyona inzima kwaye inempembelelo enkulu kwi-fiber. Kwi-wavelength ye-1.38 μ m, ukulahleka kwencochoyi yokufunxa okuveliswa zii-ion ze-hydroxide ezinomxholo we-0.0001 kuphela kuphezulu njenge-33dB/km.
Zivela phi ezi ion ze-hydroxide? Kukho imithombo emininzi yee-ion ze-hydroxide. Okokuqala, izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-optical fibers ziqulathe umswakama kunye nee-hydroxide compounds, ezinzima ukuzisusa ngexesha lenkqubo yokucoca izinto eziluhlaza kwaye ekugqibeleni zihlala zikwimo yee-ion ze-hydroxide kwi-optical fibers; Okwesibini, ii-hydrogen kunye nee-oxygen compounds ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni ii-optical fibers ziqulathe umswakama omncinci; Okwesithathu, amanzi aveliswa ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenza ii-optical fibers ngenxa yee-chemical reactions; Okwesine kukuba ukungena komoya wangaphandle kuzisa umphunga wamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokuvelisa ngoku iphuhlile yaya kwinqanaba elikhulu, kwaye umxholo wee-ion ze-hydroxide uncitshisiwe waya kwinqanaba eliphantsi ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba impembelelo yawo kwii-optical fibers inokungahoywa.
Ixesha leposi: Okthobha-23-2025